Vestibular

Vertigo or travel sickness

Hyoscine (ACh) or

Cyclizine (ACh, H₁)

Toxins

Medications, particularly chemotherapy.

Infections (endotoxins)

Constipation

Metoclopramide

Haloperidol (D₂)

Ondansetron etc. (5HT₃)

Metoclopramide (5HT₄)

Gastrointestinal damage

Chemotherapy

(SEE ANTI-EMETICS FOR CHEMOTHERAPY GUIDELINE ON SKY WARD, UHW)

Metoclopramide (D₂, 5HT₄)

Ondansetron (5HT₃)

Steroids (inflammation)

Liver damage

Focal deposits

Diffuse disease

Metoclopramide (5HT₄)

Steroids (inflammation)

Psychological

Anticipation and anxiety

Non-physical

Benzodiazepine

Nabilone

Raised intracranial pressure

Tumour

Oedema

Cyclizine (H₁)

Steroids (oedema)